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Eclecticism - Group of ancient philosophers who sought to reach by selection the highest degree of probability in the search for truth.
Egoism, Psychological and Ethical - Maintains that the individual self is the motivating moral force and the end of moral action.
Emanation - The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary.
Empedocles - 5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism.
Empiricism, British - 18th century British philosophical movement which maintained that all knowledge comes from experience.
Encyclopedists - Group of French philosophers and men of letters who collaborated in the production of the famous Encyclopedie.
Epictetus - Eminent Stoic philosopher, born as a slave at Hieropolis in Phyrgia in 55 CE.
Epicurus - 4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the Hellenistic period.
Euclides - 4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect.
Euthanasia - Contemporary applied ethical issue considering whether it is morally permissible for a third party to end the life of a terminally ill patient who is in intense pain.
Evolution - Introduces evolution through the ages, from the ancient Greeks, through Leibniz and Descartes to Darwin and Spencer.
Ferrier, James Frederick - The earliest absolute idealist in English philosophy.
Fichte, Immanuel Hermann - Aimed to secure a philosophical basis for the personality of God.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb - One of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel.
Freud, Sigmund - Lenghty article on the father of psychoanalysis who is generally recognised as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century.
Functionalism - Theory in the philosophy of mind which holds that mental states are functional states.
Galileo - Italian physicist and astronomer, born 1564.
German Idealism - The German reaction to empiricism, including related theories of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and others.
God, Western Concepts of - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on God from Socrates to Nietzsche.
Gorgias - Greek sophist and rhetorician, known as "the Nihilist," born in 483 BCE.
Greek Philosophy - The philosophical currents of Ancient Greek philosophy are introduced, from the Presocratic philosophers through to Proclus.
Hamilton, William - 19th century exponent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy.
Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von - 19th century German philosopher who attempted to combine the idea of Hegel with the will of Schopenhauer in 'spiritual monism.'
Hedonism - The view, first put forward by Epicurus, that our fundamental moral obligation is to maximize pleasure.
Hegelians, St. Louis - 19th century group of amateur American philosophers founded and led by William Torrey Harris.
Helvetius, Claude Adrien - One of the 18th century Encyclopedists who held the skeptical and materialistic views common to that school of philosophy.
Hempel, Carl Gustav - A leading member of logical positivism, the German philosopher died in 1997.
Heraclitus - 5th century BCE. Presocratic Greek philosopher.
Herbert of Cherbury, Edward - 17th century historian, poet (brother of George), and philosopher. Sought to determine the nature and standard of truth, and conditions of knowledge. Precursor of the philosophy of Common Sense.
Hippias - Hippias was a sophist, a contemporary of Socrates, and an enthusiast for universality.
Hobbes, Thomas - 17th century British philosopher. Author of Leviathan (1651).
Hodgson, Shadworth - Follower of Kant, founder of the Aristotelian Society.
Humanism - Brief article on Erasmus and the Italian humanist movement.
Hume, David - Enormously influential 18th century Scottish philosopher. Author of Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740).
Husserl, Edmund - Leader of the German phenomenological movement.
Huxley, Thomas Henry - 19th century zoologist and advocate of Darwinism.
Identity Theory - Form of monistic materialism which maintains that mental states and brain activities are identical.
Interventionism - Examines the nature and justifications of interfering with another polity or choices made by individuals.
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich - 18th century German philosopher, famous for effective criticism of Kant.
Just War Theory - Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf.
Leucippus - 5th century BCE founder of atomism.
Libraries, Ancient Greek and Roman - Describing the public libraries of Ancient Greece, and the fashion for book-collecting in Rome.
Locke, John - Article on the life and work of the influential philosopher.
Lombard, Peter - French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard.
Lotze, Rudolf Hermann - 19th century German philosopher who criticised the pantheism of Hegel.
Lucretius - Roman poet and advocate of Epicurean philosophy.
Machiavelli, Nicolo - Renaissance philosopher who remains controversial for his practical solutions to problems of how to retain political authority.
Malebranche, Nicholas - 17th century Cartesian philosopher. Author of The Search After Truth (1674-1675).
Menippus - Third century BCE Greek philosopher and satirist.
Mill, John Stuart - 19th leader and prophet of utilitarianism, heir to the Hume-Bentham line, and influential force in modern political theory. Author of On Liberty (1859), and Utilitarianism (1863).
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