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The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy  - Free online encyclopedia. Edited by James Fieser, hosted by the University of Tennessee at Martin.
Academy - Description of the philosophical institution founded by Plato, which advocated skepticism in succeeding generations.
Active Powers - The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy.
Aenesidemus - Biography of the 1st century philosopher who defended the ten tropes of skepticism.
Affection - In the history of ethics, the term referred to a subset of emotions less violent and less sensuous than "passions".
Anaxagoras - Greek philosopher born about 500 BCE, responsible for giving philosophy a home at Athens and the first philosopher to introduce a spiritual principle which gives matter life and form.
Anaxarchus - 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera, from the school of Democritus.
Anaximander - Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE who thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or fire as the original and primary form of body.
Anaximenes - 5th century BCE Greek philosopher of Miletus who regarded 'air' as the primary form of body.
Animals and Ethics - Consideration of moral status of non-human animals.
Anselm - 11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held by orthodox theologians.
Antisthenes - Athenian philosopher and founder of the Cynic sect who was born around 440 BCE.
Aquinas, Thomas - The life and work of the major figure in scholastic philosophy.
Aristippus - Description of the life and teachings of the philosopher Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.
Aristotle - The life and work of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher.
Artificial Intelligence - Describing the view that human cognitive mental states can be duplicated in computers.
Augustine - Extensive article on the life and work of the 4th century ecclesiastical author.
Bacon, Francis - 16th century philosopher and politician.
Bakhtin Circle - School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of signification in artistic creation.
Beccaria, Cesare - 18th century aristocrat whose work 'On Crimes and Punishments (1764)' inspired reform in the Italian criminal justice system.
Behaviorism - Theory in philosophy of mind which maintains that talk of mental events should be translated into talk about observable behavior.
Bentham, Jeremy - Extensive article on the 18th century 'founder' of utilitarianism.
Berkeley, George - Influential 18th century Irish philosopher.
Berlin Circle - Group of academics who gathered round Hans Reichenbach in late 1920s and later joined up with the Vienna Circle.
Bolingbroke, Henry St. John - 18th century Tory disciple of Locke.
Butler, Joseph - 18th century icon of a highly intellectualized theology.
Caird, Edward - Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s.
Capital Punishment - The issue of capital punishment involves determining whether the execution of criminals is ever justified.
Carnap, Rudolf - Extensive article about his life and work, by Mauro Murzi.
Chinese Room Argument - John Searle's thought experiment is one of the best known counters to claims of artificial intelligence.
Chrysippus - Prolific stoic of Soli, and disciple of Cleanthes.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius - 1st century BCE Roman orator and philosopher of the New Academy.
Cleanthes - Stoic philosopher of Assus in Lydia, disciple of Zeno of Citium.
Cudworth, Ralph - 17th century 'Cambridge Platonist' who fought for preservation of religious ideals, including divine illumination.
Cumberland, Richard - 17th century critic of Hobbes and the neo-Platonists.
Cyrenaics - Description of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which flourished from the 5th-3rd centuries BCE. The Cyrenaics were skeptics and hedonists.
Damon - 5th century BCE Pythagorean philosopher of Syracuse.
Davidson, Donald - Introduction to one of the most significant philosophers concerned with philosophy of mind and action of the 20th/21st century.
Deism, English - Explores the deism of Hobbes, Locke, Tindal, and the influence of Hume.
Deism, French - The deism of Voltaire and Rousseau.
Democritus - 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera who expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus.
Demonax - Philosopher of the second century CE. who tried to revive the philosophy of the Cynic School.
Descartes, René - Early modern philosopher who rejected religious authority in the quest for scientific and philosophical knowledge.
Dewey, John - Leading light of the 20th century American school of thought known as pragmatism.
Diderot, Denis - The most prominent of the French Encyclopedists and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment.
Diogenes Laertius - 3rd century biographer of ancient Greek philosophers.
Diogenes of Apollonia - Pupil of Anaximenes and contemporary of Anaxagoras in the 6th cn. BCE.
Diogenes of Sinope - 4th cn. BCE cynic philosopher of Sinope.
Duties and Deontological Ethics - Deontological theories are based on moral obligation that an agent has towards another person.
Eckhart, Meister - 13th century Dominican mystic who was almost forgotten until Franz von Baader revived his memory in the nineteenth century.
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